The authors wish to thank those who provided their counsel and review in the preparation of this paper – Wade Baker, Eric Burger, Brett Haan, Sean Joyce, Len Kennedy, Michael Loch, Rafi Martina, Mark Montgomery, Stephanie Pell, Jeffrey Reed, John Scott, Bill Stueber, and Michaela Vanderveen. The observations and conclusions of this report, however, are solely those of the authors. The authors also wish to thank Antonio Saadipour and Adelle Patten of the Brookings Institution for their help in the final preparation of this report.
Amazon, AT&T, Meta, Microsoft, TMobile, Verizon, and Qualcomm are general unrestricted donors to the Brookings Institution. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions posted in this piece are solely those of the authors and not influenced by any donation.